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Unacknowledged health costs of subway transportation: Commuting time dominant environmental inequality in PM2.5 exposure

Unacknowledged health costs of subway transportation: Commuting time dominant environmental inequality in PM2.5 exposure

by Muzna Ahmad | Dec 10, 2025 | Articles, Resources

This paper evaluates the health and economic impacts of air pollution exposure during subway commuting and reveals unequal effects across population subgroups. It finds that subway travel increases overall daily exposure by displacing time spent in cleaner...
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